Mao Was a Dictator, so Why is that so Difficult to Say?

By Nasir el-Kanemi

Kylian Mbappé was right to call Mao Zedong a dictator. The dictionary defines a dictator as a ruler with total power, especially one who exercises it oppressively. Mao crushed dissent, persecuted opponents and demanded unquestioning loyalty. Yet Mbappé’s apparent retreat raises a question: why is it so difficult to call a dictator by his name when the country he ruled has become a superpower?

Mao’s brutality was evident in his treatment of those who challenged his authority. During the Anti-Rightist Campaign of 1957, hundreds of thousands were branded enemies of the state, persecuted or sent to labour camps. The Cultural Revolution brought further purges, public humiliation, imprisonment and violence. Even senior officials were not spared: former Chinese President Liu Shaoqi was purged, persecuted and died in custody. Under Mao, dissent could destroy a life.

Many hesitate to speak so plainly because China is an economic giant and a formidable military power. Governments fear diplomatic consequences, businesses fear losing access to its market, and public figures risk backlash for offending Beijing. China’s power has made criticism of its history an exercise in caution. But economic interests should not determine how honestly we discuss the past.

Mbappé has previously spoken out on social and political issues. His apparent retreat is therefore disappointing. If his initial remarks were too simplistic, he could have clarified them without abandoning their substance. Mao’s record deserved more than a passing judgement; Mbappé should have studied it more closely and offered a more nuanced response in his interview. Nuance should deepen historical understanding, not become an excuse for backing down.

There is no contradiction in respecting China and condemning Mao. The Chinese people are not their former leader, and their country’s achievements do not erase his crimes. Mbappé was right, even if he could have made his point more thoughtfully. Having spoken up on other causes, he should have stood by his judgement or explained precisely what he got wrong. Mao’s record is well documented. It should not take courage to call him what he was.